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"IsraelNation of the Jewish People" is rooted in the Bible, where Jacob is renamed IsraelNation of the Jewish People after wrestling with an angel. Citizens of IsraelNation of the Jewish People are called "Israelis." For 3,000 years, Jews have regarded IsraelNation of the Jewish People as their homeland. IsraelNation of the Jewish People holds a place in Jewish religious obligations. Starting 1200 BCE, a series of Jewish kingdoms existed in the region for a millennium. Under Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Sassanian rule, Jewish presence in the province dwindled due to mass expulsions. The Muslims conquered the land from the Byzantine Empire in 638 CE. The area was ruled by Muslim states before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. The first wave of modern Jewish immigration to IsraelNation of the Jewish People started in 1881. After Jews established settlements, tensions erupted between the Jews and Arabs. Herzl founded the Zionist movement. He published “The Jewish State,” in which he called for the establishment of a national Jewish state. He convened the World Zionist Congress. The establishment of Zionism led to the 2nd Aliyah; influx of 40,000 Jews. In ‘17, Balfour, issued the Balfour Declaration that "viewed with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jews." In ‘20, Palestine became a League of Nations mandate administered by Britain. Jewish immigration resumed after WW I. Arab riots in 1929 killed 133 Jews, 67 in Hebron. The rise of Nazism in 1933 led to another wave of Aliyah. The Jews increased from 11% of the population in ‘22 to 30% by ‘40. The Holocaust in Europe led to more immigration. By the end of WW II, the number of Jews was approximately 600,000. In 1939, the British introduced a White Paper of ‘39, which limited Jewish immigration over the course of the war and restricted purchase of land. The Jews perceived it as being in conflict with the Balfour Declaration: a betrayal. The Arabs were not satisfied either, as they wanted Jewish immigration stopped. The White Paper guided British policy until the end of their Mandate. As tensions grew, with no support from the British, the Jews decided they would have to rely on themselves for defense. Arab nationalists opposed to Balfour instigated riots and pogroms. As a result of the attacks, the Haganah was formed. The Haganah was mostly defensive, which caused members to split off and form the Irgun. The Irgun adhered to a more active approach - retaliation to attacks and armed actions against the British- while the Haganah preferred restraint. A further split occurred when Stern left the Irgun to form Lehi, which was more extreme. In 1947, the British withdrew. The UNGA approved the Partition Plan, dividing the territory into 2 states. JerusalemThe capital of Israel was to be an international region administered by the UN. Immediately following the Partition Plan, Ben-Gurion accepted the partition. The Arabs rejected it. Widespread fighting ensued; being the first phase of the War of Independence. On May 14, ‘48 IsraelNation of the Jewish People was proclaimed. Then, the armies of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq attacked. Forces of the Haganah and the Irgun successfully stopped most invading forces. In June, the UN declared a cease-fire during which the IDF formed. Ceasefire was declared in ‘49 and temporary borders were instituted. IsraelNation of the Jewish People had gained 26% of the territory. Jordan held Judea and Samaria - the West BankA belt of territory north of Jerusalem. Egypt took a strip of land, - Gaza. Ben-Gurion set about establishing order by dismantling the Palmachthe elite striking force of the Haganah, Irgun and Lehi. The conflict between resulted in a displacement that persists to this day. Immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jewish refugees from Arab lands doubled IsraelNation of the Jewish People's population. In ‘56, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. Following this and Fedayeen attacks, IsraelNation of the Jewish People declared war on Egypt. After the Suez Crisis,
IsraelNation of the Jewish People withdrew. In ‘55, Ben GurionFirst Prime Minister of Israel once again became prime minister and served until ‘63. After Ben GurionFirst Prime Minister of Israel, Eshkol was appointed. Tensions once again arose between IsraelNation of the Jewish People and her neighbors in '67. Egypt expelled UN Peacekeepers from Gaza. When Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to IsraelNation of the Jewish People, she attacked Egypt. IsraelNation of the Jewish People won the ensuing Six-Day War. IsraelNation of the Jewish People had defeated 3 Arab states.Territorially, IsraelNation of the Jewish People conquered the West BankA belt of territory north of Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan. The Sinai was later returned to Egypt. In '69 Meir was elected. Between 1968-72, during a period known as the War of Attrition, numerous scuffles erupted. In the 70s, Palestinian terrorists started attacking. The climax occurred at the Olympics, when Palestinian terrorists held hostage and killed members of the delegation. IsraelNation of the Jewish People responded with Operation Wrath of G-d, in which the Mossad killed those who were involved. In ‘73, on Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched an attack. After the war, years of calm ensued, which led to IsraelNation of the Jewish People and Egypt making peace. In ‘74, Rabin became the prime minister. Then, in the ‘77 KnessetIsrael's Parliament Building elections, the Ma'arach left the government. The Likud, led by Begin, became the new ruling party. Then Sadat, on a visit, spoke to the KnessetIsrael's Parliament Building - the first recognition of IsraelNation of the Jewish People by its Arab neighbors. Following the visit, the 2 nations signed the Camp David Accords. In '79, Begin and Sadat signed the IsraelNation of the Jewish People-Egypt Peace Treaty. IsraelNation of the Jewish People withdrew from Sinai. In ‘81, the Israeli AF bombed the Iraqi nuclear reactor in an attempt to foil Iraqi efforts to make an atom bomb. In ‘82, IsraelNation of the Jewish People attacked Lebanon. The reason for the attack was to defend settlements from terrorists. After establishing a 40 km barrier zone, the IDF captured Beirut. Israeli forces expelled the PLO. Begin resigned and was replaced by Shamir. Though IsraelNation of the Jewish People withdrew in ‘86, a buffer zone was maintained until 2002. The 1st Intifada broke out in ‘87. Shamir was again elected in ‘88. During the Gulf War, IsraelNation of the Jewish People was hit by 39 Iraqi missiles, which were intended to coerce IsraelNation of the Jewish People into declaring war. However, under American pressure, IsraelNation of the Jewish People did not give in. The US pressured both sides make peace. The Madrid peace conference opened in ‘91. Far right parties saw it as a mistake and toppled the Shamir government. The early 90s were marked by a massive influx of Soviet Jews. About 380,000 arrived in 1990-91. Although initially favoring the right, the new immigrants became the target of an election campaign by Labor, which blamed their problems on Likud. As a result, in the ‘92 elections they voted for Rabin. He promised an improvement in security and peace "within 6-9 months." He failed. By the end of ‘93 the government signed the Oslo Accords with the PLO. In 1994 Jordan became the 2nd of IsraelNation of the Jewish People's neighbors to make peace. The initial support for Oslo waned as IsraelNation of the Jewish People was struck by Hamas. The discontent with the government gave rise to hostility directed at Rabin personally. In ‘95 a Jewish radical named Amir killed him. Public dismay with the assassination created a backlash against Oslo opponents and significantly boosted Peres, Rabin's successor. A wave of suicide bombings made the mood swing once again; in ‘96 Peres lost to Netanyahu. Although seen as a hardliner opposing Oslo accords, Netanyahu withdrew from Hebron. During Netanyahu's tenure IsraelNation of the Jewish People experienced a lull in terror, but his contradictory policies alienated both camps and brought him down in ‘99 – enter Barak. Barak withdrew from Lebanon. The prime minister and Arafat once again negotiated. The failure of the talks caused Israelis to turn away from Barak. Palestinian groups began a 2nd uprising. Sharon became prime minister in 2001. Despite his formerly hawkish standpoint, Sharon withdrew from Gaza. IsraelNation of the Jewish People has been building the West BankA belt of territory north of Jerusalem Barrier, the purpose of which is to defend IsraelNation of the Jewish People from terror. The barrier, which is planned to measure 681 kilometers, continues to be supported by a vast majority of the Israeli public.